Complex numerical responses to top–down and bottom–up processes in vertebrate populations

Complex numerical responses to top-down and bottom-up processes in vertebrate populations.

Population growth rate is determined in all vertebrate populations by food supplies, and we postulate bottom-up control as the universal primary standard. But this primary control system can be overridden by three secondary controls: top-down processes from predators, social interactions within the species and disturbances. Different combinations of these processes affect population growth rate...

pragmatic transfer in compliment responses and chastisements by iranian learners of english

فرهنگ های گوناگون دریافت ها و تعبیر های مختلفی از تناسب و ادب دارند. بنابراین، ارتباط میان فرهنگی خطرات ذاتی خطای ارتباطی را نشان می دهد. این پژوهش به منظور تعیین وقوع انتقال منظورشناختی زبان در زبان بینابینی زبان آموزان ایرانی، اختلاف منظورشناختی زبان را بین فارسی و انگلیسی در کنش های کلامی پاسخ تحسین و انتقاد بررسی می کند.داده ها از میان 33 آمریکایی انگلیسی زبان، 85 زبان آموز ایرانی در سطوح م...

Adaptive responses of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia.

The damage caused to mammalian neurons during ischaemic events in the brain (e.g. following a stroke), is an area of major interest to neuroscientists. The neurons of hypoxia-tolerant vertebrates offer unique models for identifying new strategies to enhance the survival of hypoxia-vulnerable neurons. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of how hypoxia-tolerant neuron...

Physiological Differentiation of Vertebrate Populations

INTRODUCTlON ,. . The foundation of most evolutionary theory rests upon inferences drawn from geographic variation or upon the verification of predictions made about it. The study of geographic variation occupies a central position in evolutionary biology. .. because geographic variation is ordinarily the smallest amount of evolution that can be detected in nature and because evolutionary theor...

Black carbon and its correlation with trace gases at a rural site in Beijing: Topdown constraints from ambient measurements on bottomup emissions